In Thai, there are a number of ways in which you can address another person. In particular, the following four words can be used:

For each of the film clips below, one of these four words was used in the Thai translation of the relevant scene. For some of the clips, the Thai word is given:

Task. For the rest of the film clips, indicate the most probable choice from among the four words for a speaker of Thai. You will get a perfect score for this problem if no more than one of your answers differs from what was actually used in the Thai translation of the relevant scene.

(!) Thai is a Tai–Kadai language spoken by around 60 million people in Thailand.

You can use the form below to search through a small corpus of Wari sentences. When you enter a Wari word that occurs in the corpus, the form will display the first sentence in the corpus that contains the word along with the sentence’s translation.

N.B. The corpus does not contain every word in the Wari language. For example, while homam and taparakam are perfectly valid words in Wari, neither occurs in the corpus.

(a) Translate the following into Wari:

(b) One of the Wari sentences you have written in part (a) can be translated back into English in a different way. What is the alternative English translation?

(!) Wari is the sole remaining language of the Chapacuran family. It is spoken by around 2,000 people who live along the Brazilian–Bolivian border.

The form below can be used to listen to recordings of 10 words being whistled in the Turkish bird language. You can listen to a recording by entering its number (1 through 10) and then either pressing Enter or clicking on the button to the right of the input field. You can also listen to several recordings in sequence: just enter all their numbers in the field, separated by spaces.

The 10 whistled words are (in alphabetical order):

Task. Match the recordings with the corresponding words:

(!) Turkish bird language is a whistled register of Turkish, which is currently used by around 10,000 people in the mountainous regions of Turkey.

The Turkish letter ç sounds like the ch in chalk.

Below you can find a set of Urhobo nouns written in a simplified spelling. The nouns have been divided into two groups for the purposes of this problem:

Nouns can be combined into phrases using the following two constructions of the Urhobo language:

1. A re B means “A of B” or “A relating to B”. The letter A can be replaced by any noun, while B can be substituted either with a noun or with another phrase of this type. For instance, ukpe re erako re ogba means “bed of a hero’s dog”.
2. ke A ke A gives “every A”. The letter A can be replaced either by a noun or a phrase of type 1. For example, ke iviri re itaba ke iviri re itaba is “every tobacco smoke”.

Urhobo speakers pronounce each syllable with a certain pitch level labeled here with positive integers like so: 1, 2, 3, 4, …. The form below will tell you the pitch levels of the last word of any phrase containing between 3 and 8 words (inclusive) if the phrase ends in a group 1 noun. For example, if you entered eve re iviri, the form would disclose that the first syllable of iviri would be pronounced with pitch level 1, while the second and third would have pitch level 4.

(a) The pronunciations of the group 1 nouns can be specified as follows:

Using the same notation, specify the pronunciations of the group 2 nouns:

(b) Determine the pitch levels of the last word in each of the following phrases:

(!) Urhobo is a Niger–Congo language. It is spoken by around 2 million Urhobo people in Nigeria.