Here are some Classical Telugu verb forms, with their meanings in English. Arasunna is a Telugu diacritic that is not pronounced anymore but used to indicate nasalization on the preceding vowel, and natives often struggle remembering where it goes. Here, arasunna is marked with a tilde on the vowel, and X marks that any subject can take the verb.

(a) Mark the nasalized vowels (there should be 5 in total) on the following:

15. valasināmu

16. rājaniccinānu

17. vāyiñcucunnavi

18. rāgalaḍu

19. aṇagavalayunā

20. tākavaccunu

21. maṟalu

(b) Mark the nasalized vowel(s) and translate into English. One of the verb forms has two translations. Give them both.

22. cāpinadi

23. iccucunnāḍu

24. vāgavaccunā

25. cēyagalavu

(c) Translate the following into Telugu with arasunnas:

26. X should not be desired.

27. Is he letting (it) come?

28. You(pl) are making a sound.

29. It gave.

(!) Telugu is a language spoken by around 100 million people, mostly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana in India. Classical Telugu or Grandhika Bhasha is the written form of the language from the 11th to 20th centuries. A macron e.g., ā indicates a long vowel, while an underdot e.g., ṭ indicates that the consonant is pronounced with a curled tounge. ṟ is pronounced like rr in Spanish perro, c is pronounced like ch in church, and ñ is pronounced like ny in canyon. sg = singular, pl = plural.

— Deeraj Pothapragada

In anticipation of her daughter’s wedding, Chen, a speaker of Tsat, begins preparing the wedding feast, including cooking the signature dish sai³³ ɲa²⁴ ʔu³³. For this, she goes to the market to purchase the ingredients she needs. The following is her grocery list with Tsat words on the left and their English translations on the right in random order.

(a) Determine the correct correspondences.

1. ɲa²⁴ ta²⁴

2. ʔia³³ ni³³

3. na:ŋ³³

4. ʔia³³ ta²⁴

5. phia¹¹ ti⁵⁵

6. sa³³ phai¹¹

7. pa:iʔ³² ti⁵⁵

8. ʔia³³ phia¹¹

9. ʔianʔ³² ɲa²⁴

10. pa:iʔ³² phai¹¹

11. ʔianʔ³² ta²⁴

12. sai³³

13. ɲa²⁴ mo³³

(b) Knowing that tha:n¹¹ is sugar, translate the following Tsat words into English:

14. ta²⁴

15. pa:iʔ³²

16. tha:n¹¹ ti⁵⁵

17. ɲa²⁴ ʔianʔ³²

(c) One of the ingredients used to cook sai³³ ɲa²⁴ ʔu³³ is coconut. Knowing this, translate literally the name of this dish into English.

(!) Tsat is an Austronesian language spoken by around 4500 Utsuls in the city of Sanya, Hainan Province, China. ph, th, ʔ, ɲ are consonants; : marks vowel length; ⁵⁵, ³³, ¹¹, ²⁴, ³² are tone markers.

Baijiu, from a Chinese word meaning “white wine”, is a colorless alcoholic beverage. Betel nuts are commonly consumed in traditional weddings, they are usually chewed without any added substances. Rapeseed is a plant typically used for oil extraction.

— Wong Tok Shing Henry

Here are some Ma'di sentences and their English translations. Words between asterisks are focused.

1. ebi kɔtʃa sukuru ga
   The fish(sg) arrives at the school.
2. ɔpɨ ʔa mva ɔɗɨ ma nɨ
   The chief’s child cooked it for me.
3. ka ɓɔŋgʊ li lʌpwoɲi nɨ aʊ
   He cuts *the dress* for the teacher.
4. ma mu sukuru ga
   I go to the school. / I went to the school.
5. ka mva ʔa dʒɔ si kɨ ama nɨ aʊ
   They build *the child’s house* for us.
6. lʌpwoɲi koliʌ aʊ
   The teacher cuts *it*.
7. ma dʒɨa
   I take it.
8. ti komu ma ʔa eɓu ga
   The cow goes to my work.
9. ʌndzi ɔʧɨ kɨ basɨ sɨ
   The children bit it in the bus.
10. ama tʊ latʊ
    We danced.
11. ti ɔtʊ ama
    The cow trodded on us.
12. mva ɔŋga dʒuɓʌ ga sɨ
    The child left from Juba.
13. agɔ ka ebi ndrɛ kɨ
    The men see the fish(sg).
14. ɔdʒɨ ma dʒuɓʌ ga
    He took me to Juba.

(a) Translate into English:

15. tii ɔʧɨ kɨ ɓɔŋgʊ

16. ama ndrɛ aʊ

17. mva ɔɗɨ ebi ɔpɨ nɨ

18. agɔ ka latʊ tʊ sukuru sɨ

(b) Translate into Ma'di:

19. They saw our dance.

20. He leaves from the house.

21. The man builds *the school*.

22. I cut (past) the fish(sg).

(!)  Ma’di is a Central Sudanic language spoken in South Sudan and Uganda. tʃ, dʒ, ʔ, ɲ, ɗ, and ɓ are consonants. a, ɛ, ɨ, ɔ, and ʊ are vowels similar to ʌ, e, i, o, and u respectively but with the tongue root retracted. Ma’di also has tones, but they were taken out for simplicity. sg = singular, pl = plural

Juba is the capital city of South Sudan.

— Deeraj Pothapragada

Given below are some Swahili words in a non-standard orthography:

alfadjyry, azubuhy, dakyka, djyony, kazoro, kumy, mbyly, mcana, modja, na, nane, nne, nusu, robo, tano, tatu, tyza, uzyku, yxyryny, zaa, zaba, zyta

Some combinations of these words can indicate the time down to the minute.

The form below will let you verify whether a particular combination of words is a standard time notation. If a phrase is valid, the form will show the time that it names. You can replace some words with asterisks, separated with a space form other word(s): you can use several of them in a phrase (* alfadjyry azubuhy *), but you can’t put several asterisks next to each other (not alfadjyry * * azubuhy). In this case, the form will indicate whether there exists a way to replace each asterisk with a word or a group of words (not necessarily the same for different asterisks) in such a way that the phrase becomes a valid time notation.

(a) Translate into English all the words given above.

1. alfadjyry

2. azubuhy

3. dakyka

4. djyony

5. kazoro

6. kumy

7. mbyly

8. mcana

9. modja

10. na

11. nane

12. nne

13. nusu

14. robo

15. tano

16. tatu

17. tyza

18. uzyku

19. yxyryny

20. zaa

21. zaba

22. zyta

(b) You can find another Swahili word apart from the ones you are given. Spell this word in Swahili.

(!) Swahili is a Niger-Congo language. It is spoken by around 100 million people in Eastern Africa.

— Tamila Krashtan